The future of lake Chad

To sum up, I showed different weak spots of the region, mainly generated by the increasing need for water and food supply forced by the increasing population. This is leading to a decreasing river flow and decreasing lake water levels. Moreover, the high evapotranspiration and the possible effects of climate change are going to be a challenge for the lake Chad.

But I also showed solutions to refill the lake and to provide the local people with a safe water supply. Starting by an increased use of groundwater resources, more effective use of irrigation water up to the trans boundary water transfer project.

But to safe lake Chad every stakeholder needs to pull in the same direction, starting by the member states of the LCBC. In additions, there is need for more education for the local people, concerning how to use water and how pollution might affect them. Furthermore, to safe they lake, the region and the people, there is need for more international attention. At my opinion, they will need more support in the future, mainly in form of money, but also advice to prevent the lake from drying out.

To conclude, there is still an opportunity for the persistence of the lake. But we have to act now before it is to late!

To underline the necessity, I will temporary end my blog with a picture of the dried lake.

Figure 15: aiolusnews 2013

This is going to be my last post for the next time, I wrote this blog for a specific lecture at my university, which is going to end soon. But it does not mean that I will stop blogging about this topic, but maybe I am going to reduce the frequency of my entries.

I hope you enjoyed reading the blog so far, until next time!

Climate Change in Central Africa

I already pointed out that climate change is on of the biggest drivers for drying the lake. But what is actually going to happen? How will the climate and hence the water availability change in this particular region? And how will this affect the life of the local people?

Figure 12: IPCC 5, 2014

In general, through the effects of climate change the temperature will rise. It depends which scenario we choose how strong the increase will be. According to the figure above, the change could be between 2-4 degrees Celsius. Which is by the way the main goal of the COP21, happening at the moment in Paris. Therefore, 2 degrees Celsius is still quite optimistically.

How does the increasing temperature influence the water resources?

The main problem is, with an increasing temperature, the evaporation will increase as well. The consequences would be more loses of surface water and an enhanced drying of the lake. (IPCC 5, 2014)

By implication, a higher evaporation should lead to more rain. And as you can see in the next figure, according to the IPCC 5 (2014) there could be even an increase from up to 10% in rainfall, which could compensate the higher evaporation.

Figure 13: IPCC 5, 2014

The same is stressed in de Witt et al. (2006), where he shows again a possible future increase in precipitation in the area around lake Chad.

Figure 14: de Witt et al. (2006)

Therefore, climate change could bring more water into the region. It not just a threat, but maybe an opportunity to preserve the drying of the lake as well. Unfortunately there are no concrete calculations which climate change effect will be greater. For this reason, the last statement concerning opportunities should be viewed carefully.

In addition, the hydrological variability is expected to increase. This means heavier rainfall events but longer drying periods. The increased variability means the most important threat to these regions, because it is more difficult to adapt on less predictable weather events. Therefore, the focus of future water management strategies should be concentrating on a possible adaption to the variability. (Taylor et al. 2009)

Inflows into lake Chad

The Komandugu-Yobe River is providing the northern pool of the lake Chad. As I already pointed out in an earlier post, the total inflow to the lake is just about 5% and in the dry seasons, the river sometimes not even reaches the lake.

Figure 10: Wikipedia

On the first view, the situation looks quite dramatic, just seasonal inflow, several irrigation and damming programs and large wetlands upstream. Not to mention the planed Kafin Zaki Dam, which would be the largest dam in this area. But if you look closer, there could be an opportunity as well. For example, by using water more efficiently. Thomson and Hollis (1995) are naming in their paper a study from Barbier et al (1991), in which he proofed that the traditional usage of the wetland is generating more benefit than the usage of irrigation schemes.

At the moment, there are two main damming projects, which are the reducing the river flow. The Tiga Dam, which is connected to the Kano River Irrigation Program and the Challawa George Dam, which is connected to the Hadeija Valley Project. According to Barbier and Thomson (1998) these projects are causing more harm to the wetlands downstream, including lake Chad, than bringing benefits. Just by comparing the economical (agriculture, fishing, livestock) aspects and not even mentioned the ecological ones, like destroying the ecosystem of the wetlands and the ecosystem of lake Chad.

Barbier and Thomson (1998) are proposing a regulated flood release to revitalize the wetlands and increase at least temporary the river flow. I think this proposal could be a possibility for lake Chad to gain more river inflow. Especially, if the LCBC would build an alliance with the other stakeholders, who are negatively affected by the large damming projects, they could force them to do that.

Figure 11: Wikipedia

But more important for the inflows into lake Chad is the Chari Logone River, which is providing up to 95% of the inflows to the lake. Again it is a large river system, like the Komandugu-Yobe, with several damming projects. The most important one is the Maga Dam, which is connected to the SEMRY project, one of the most important rice cultivation projects in central Africa. The project was founded in the 1960s, but caused a lot of damage to the environment in the floodplain area. Therefore, the WWF and the UICN launched a project named Waza-Logone to revitalize and recover the floodplain and use the Maga Dam more sustainable. (Mouafo et al 2002)

There are lots of studies to restore the Waza Logone floodplain and the connection to the Maga Dam, but they are mostly not mentioning the affects on the lake Chad. (Loth 2004) In addition, there is a good case study concerning the river discharge, made by the BGR in 2013. But they just measured current situation, therefore it is not possible to make a statement regarding the impact of the damming to the inflow into lake Chad. Furthermore, they are trying to recover the environment, which is harmed by the dam nearby. Hence, the lake Chad is most likely the only one who gets damaged through the process of damming. For this reason, I don’t see many opportunities for the LCBC to get more water from the Chari Logone River.

To conclude, maybe there are some possibilities to increase the river inflow, the best would be at my opinion the support of a regulated flood release. This could be just a step in the right direction of saving the lake, but it is by far not enough.

Potentialities!?

Hitherto, I explained on the one hand water management solutions, which were mostly quite small and may not have the power to rescue the lake. Or on the other hand solutions, which were most likely too big to realize, for example the Inter-basin Water Transfer Project. Therefore, I want to concentrate in this post again on the causes of the drying and in particular which causes could be changed.

The effects of climate change may be important for this area, but cannot be solved from the local people. Hence, I will more focus on the man made factors, which could be changed from the local people. For instance, agriculture and irrigation and how they influences the river recharges of the lake. Which are according to Rititingar et al. (2012) on of the most important causes for the shrinking of the lake.

But not only the dropping of water levels are a problem, which are generated by irrigations schemes. In addition, if you look at the Southern Chad Irrigation Project (SCIP), which should provide 67,000 hectares with water, you will a different kind of problems. Because the project ran out of water, the canals dried up and were taken over by an invasive plant species. (Rititingar et al. 2012)

By looking at the geographical position of the lake, in particular by looking at the two main rivers, which are providing the lake with water. The Komandugu-Yobe River and the Chari-Logone River are both coming from relatively tropical and therefore rainy areas. Both rivers are providing, before ending in the lake Chad, many cities and wetlands with water. On account of that could be a potential in just increasing the river flow.

Figure 9: Tschierschke, K. 2002

In general, an even more complicated solution, because more stakeholders are involved, but with the trans boundary organisation LCBC, it could be the most powerful stakeholder. I am going to verify or falsify this personal idea in my next post by looking more specifically on the wetland areas of the Chari-Logone River and the Komandugu-Yobe River.

Inter-basin Water Transfer Project (IBWTP)

As I already wrote in my previous posts, the current situation of Lake Chad is alarming. On that account, there is a massive need for alternative solutions, which could be an inter-basin water transfer.

The idea of an inter-basin water transfer arose first in the 1960s. A water transfer, which would deliver water from the Ubangi River to the Chari River and therefore, would provide the Lake Chad with additional water. The reasons for this project were to revitalize the lake and increase agriculture and fishing. (Ifabiyi 2013)

This project stayed just an idea till 1988, where the first scheme was created by an Italian firm named BONFICA and the National Electricity Corporation of Nigeria. The goals behind this project (TRANSAQUA scheme) were mainly economical.

·      “Ensure river transportation in order to transfer goods from east to west across Africa

·      Produce electricity

·      Develop irrigation and agro-industry in the region“ (FAO Water 2009)

In 1994 the LCBC started to think about an inter-basin water transfer. Hence, a few years later in 2009 they ordered for 5.5 million USD a first feasibility study a bit modified TANSAQUA scheme. Their main goals were:

·      “Stop the drying up

·      Restore lake level

·      To facilitate the navigation and transportation of goods as well as tourism

·      Generate 700mw of electricity through hydropower

·      Regulate the Bangui river flow

·      Clear the region of land lockedness nature and achieve regional integration, cooperation and security

·      Act as catalyst for the establishment of fishery and irrigation activities

·      Promote poverty alleviation, drought mitigation and control desertification“ (Ifabiyi 2013)

The first idea to build a navigable channel from the Ubangi River to the Chari River was proven economically not reasonable. In addition, the study revealed that the channel might create problems with invasive plants and sediment transportation. But they came up with another option for an inter-basin water transfer. By using the Kotto River, the Palambo dam and the Bria dam. This scenario would be feasible and economical reasonable by creating energy. Moreover, with this scheme the Lake Chad would increase up to 5,500 km2, with 1m sea level rise. (LCBC)

An inter-basin water transfer could better the situation of Lake Chad. But the approximate costs of this project are 15 billion € (Ifabiyi 2013). Therefore, it is going to be a long way for the LCBC to conduct this project. In addition, it is a massive intervention in the environment and in the society. As you can see in many other projects the theoretical success doesn’t directly implicate that a project is going to be successful. For example, there are many damming projects in Africa, which failed. (International Rivers)

Groundwater pollution

As I pointed out in my last post, the groundwater recharges dependents on the surface water inflows and the river recharges from upstream. And at the same time it is a closed system, on that account the vulnerability for pollution could be immense, because every contamination will accumulate over the time. In particular, because of a growing population, there is a growing demand for food, therefore more production and more fertilization. Which implicates a great threat to the groundwater. While working on the project ‘Advice on groundwater resources for the Lake Chad Basin Commission’, the BGR published several reports on the quality of water in this area. I will give you a brief summary on that.

In their most recent report (Nr. 4, 2012), they used data from 441 water samples, 19 from surface water and 422 from groundwater. They looked at the anion and cation species and trace elements by measuring temperature, pH and electric conductivity. In general, groundwater quality depends on the paste of infiltration. To put it simply, fast infiltration means less minerals and less filtering than slow infiltration. The paste of infiltration depends on the flow features and thickness of the unsaturated zone. As you can see on the figure below the light-colour areas are characterized by direct recharge and therefore low in minerals, whereas the dark-colour areas are marked by low flow velocity, so the water had time to mineralize.

Figure 7: BGR Nr. 4, 2012

The danger of pollution is immense higher with a direct recharge of water than with a long time of filtration through the ground. Therefore, hand dug open wells are a particular threat to the groundwater. The next figure is showing the nitrate pollution, a pollution, which is caused by agricultural fertilizers and human or animal faeces. With more than 50mg/l nitrate (US and WHO limit, the European limit is 25mg/l) the water can harm the health of a human body. In 59 samples of water were the limit exceeded.

Figure 8: BGR Nr. 4, 2012

To conclude, there is a punctual pollution of nitrate in some areas. Mainly caused by livestock and farming and open contact to the groundwater. On that account, the BGR strongly recommend a better protection of the groundwater, especially concerning open hand dug wells. But in general the pollution of water is at the moment not the greatest threat for this area. More important is a constantly water supply to save lake Chad from drying and keep a basis of existence for all the people living there.

Advice on groundwater resources for the Lake Chad Basin Commission

Following an idea from a comment at one of my last post, concerning the groundwater availability, I found the next project at the lake Chad.

"Advice on groundwater resources for the Lake Chad Basin Commission" Again a cooperation between the LCBC and the BMZ (GIZ), but this time with the additional help of the BGR. The project runs from July 2011 to June 2017 with a budget of 4 million €.

First of all, for a better understanding of the importance or potential of groundwater, I start with a quotation from the LCBC website; “The Lake Chad Basin is one of the largest sedimentary groundwater basins in Africa“ (LCBC).

But at the same time it is also one of the largest “closed” groundwater basins, which means there are just inflows and no outflows. The inflows are provided from mainly two river systems the Chari-Logone River, which provides up to 95% of the inflow and ends into the southern pool and the Komandugu-Yobe River, which ends into the northern pool. But most time of the year, the Komandugu-Yobe River doesn’t even arrive at the lake and runs dry kilometres before. (GIWA regional43)

The groundwater basin is divided into three main aquifers, “the upper Quaternary (alluvial aquifer), the Lower Pliocene and the ‘Continental Terminal’ (Oligocene – Miocene) (both sands and sandstone)” (LCBC). The main recharge to these aquifers is provided by surface waters and by the lake. Therefore, the vulnerability is quite high.

Figure 6: BGR

„The groundwater quality of the Quaternary phreatic aquifer is suitable for domestic consumption of the local population and livestock. The Lower Pliocene Aquifer, found at depths of about 250 m with average thickness of 60 m, is an artesian aquifer intensively used in the Nigerian part of the basin. Although the reserve of the Lower Pliocene Aquifer is unknown, the exploitation of this aquifer is estimated at about 3 million cubic meters per year.“ (BGR)

The project aims to provide knowledge of sustainable use of the groundwater and the trans boundary exchange of collected data between the member states of the LCBC. The project is divided into two stages; the first stage is all about collecting data, groundwater levels and the quality of the water. The second stage concentrates more on creating a groundwater database and giving the knowledge from stage one to LCBC experts, so that they can move on by themselves. The project will finish by creating integrated water resources management strategies. (LCBC)

Adaptation to Climate Change in the Lake Chad Basin

The first project, I will present you, is a cooperation between German Federal Ministryfor Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ) and the LCBC. Their main goal is information and education concerning climate change and how people can adapt on the different living circumstances.

Therefore, the BMZ made a case study by measuring all the climate information they got. Rainfall, temperature etc. and how they developed in the past decades. With this information they created different climate change scenarios for this area.

The paper is very interesting and I recommend it to read, in particular, because of the use of modern techniques like remote sensing, they created nice graphics.

For example a graphic, which shows the NDVI in a dry year and in a wet year.

 

Figure 4: GIZ 2015

For everybody who is not familiar with the short form NDVI. It means Normalized Difference Vegetation Index and it is a method to make a statement concerning the quality and quantity of vegetation by using a special formula on remote sensing data.

With this project the BMZ and LCBC want to achieve a better awareness and understanding of climate change in the population. Especial because according to them (BMZ), the drying of the lake is just 50% by global climate change, the rest is caused by growing water demand, in particular for agricultural.

For this reason, they are trying to make the agricultural use of water more efficiency and better the value chain, by using a combination of traditional and modern adaption methods. By this means, they support food security for the population.

 Figure 5: BMZ

Localisation of the lake

After enjoying the video, now a bit more facts about the lake Chad. I found some information on the official Lake Chad Basin Commission website. I will give you a brief summary.

The lake Chad basin is located in the north of the Sahara in the so-called sahelian zone. It covers four different climate zones with a high variability in rainfall. The more north you go, the fewer rainfall you will see. The Amount of rain varies between 100mm per year in the north to 1500mm in the south of the basin. But more important for the rainfall is the location of the ITCZ (Inter Tropical Convergence Zone), which can bring on the one hand a dry season, up to 8 month, or on the other hand a wet season with a few rainy days. Notwithstanding these extreme weather situations, the biggest problem is the high potential evapotranspiration, which is annually higher than the actual rainfall. So on a long term, the lake will run dry, even without a human overuse or fail management of the water.

How dramatic the drying of the lake actually is, you can see in the following picture, which I found in a paper from the LCBC “Saving lake Chad” 2008.

Figure 3: LCBC “Saving lake Chad” 2008

To give you some more facts, the lake shrank from 25.000km2 in the 1960s to less than 1.200km2 today. In the 19^th century, when the Europeans first discovered the lake, it was one of the biggest lakes in the world. Even before, the biggest estimate size of the lake was about 300.000km2 – 400.000km2. (Terra-Online)

It looks like; the reason for the drying lake is just because of the absolute water scarcity in this area, but many people are also blaming the climate change. In particular the involved local people, I found an interview with the Executive Secretary of the Lake Chad Basin Commission, Engr. Sanusi Imran Abdullahi. He is mainly blaming the climate change and especially all the countries, which have driven and still driving it. Therefore, he changed the discussion/problem from a just natural/absolute to a political one. I think mainly to raise a local problem to a global one and to get more attention, which is in this case, at my opinion, absolutely right.

At the moment there are many projects to save the lake. In particular, driven from the riparian states, Cameroun, Libya, Niger, Nigeria, Central African Republic and Chad. Together they form the Lake Chad Basin Commission (LCBC). What kind of projects and how they going to achieve them, will be the topic of my next post.

The Lake Chad Basin

As I promised in my last post, I am going to create a geographical focus. For this, I will use the example of the lake Chad basin.

The lake Chad basin is a high vulnerable area and it is facing a lot of pressure through climate change and anthropogenic influences. The lake shrunk in the last decades by 90%. Which implicates a big challenge for all the nearly 20 million inhabitants in this area.

I found an interesting video from the United Nations with the alarming name “Saving Lake Chad”. Just watch it to get a first impression. 

What is IWRM?

In my last post I gave a short definition what IWRM is about. It was the official definition according to the United Nations. It sounds very reasonable, but at the same time a bit vague. It is not a precise strategy, but more some guidelines.

Therefore, everybody understands IWRM differently. Especially the part “integrated”. I will go with the definition from GWP (TAC background papers No. 4, 2000). According to them, “integrated” means the connection between the natural system and the human system. Unlike other interpretations, which are only describing the natural availability of water.

The idea behind that is, the water manager has no longer a “neutral role”, he does actively influence the availability and quality of water. There are natural limits as well, but there are not the only ones any more. Through pricing, pollution, bad water management or even climate change can the human system affects the natural system. (GWP, TAC background papers No. 4, 2000)

IWRM is a global concept and a reaction of recent developments on our planet. There are several factors, which put pressure on our water resources.

·      Population growth: Not only more demand, but also more pollution in particular in the urban areas.

·      Different lifestyle: More wealth leads to a bigger water footprint, especially more demand for virtual water, for example meat.

·      Globalization: The use of the cheapest production areas often implicates more water consumption and pollution in in more vulnerable areas.

·      Climate change: More natural hazards, an increase of desserts and of course more evapotranspiration through a warmer climate.

Therefore, there is a need for a global water management system like IWRM to face the challenges listed above. (UNEP-DHI Centre for Water and Environment. 2009)

The origins for IWRM you can find in the international conference on water and the environment in Dublin in 1992, where 500 govern­ment experts from 100 countries created the Dublin principles, the key principles to IWRM. (UNEP-DHI Centre forWater and Environment. 2009)

Figure 1: UNEP-DHI Centre forWater and Environment. 2009

These principles helped to create the “three pillars” of IWRM.

1.     “Moving towards an enabling environment of appropriate policies, strategies and legislation for sustainable water resources development and management.

2.     Putting in place the institutional framework through which the policies, strategies and legisla­tion can be implemented.

3.     Setting up the management instruments required by these institutions to do their job.” (UNEP-DHICentre for Water and Environment. 2009)

Figure 2: UNEP-DHI Centre forWater and Environment. 2009

IWRM is not a strict theory, it is more like a guideline or a language, which leads to a better understanding between stakeholders or even different levels like regional, national and across borders. (UNEP-DHI Centre for Water andEnvironment. 2009)

In this post, I tried to explain the IWRM concept. In my next post, I will focus more on a specific area and I will analyse how IWRM actually works. What I already promised in my first post, but didn’t achieve in this one. I am sorry for that!

Introduction

First of all, hi and welcome to my blog. I have never blogged before and I have absolutely no idea, how to do it. But I will try my best!

I choose the topic “integrated water resources management”, which is by the way just my first working title and maybe I am going to change it in a more specific headline, because at my opinion, providing every people with enough and good water is mostly a question of contribution and usage. Even in the driest regions of Africa.

“IWRM is a process which promotes the co-ordinated development and management of water, land and related resources, in order to maximize the resultant economic and social welfare in an equitable manner without compromising the sustainability of vital ecosystems.” (UNEP-DHI Centre for Water and Environment2009)

That is just the definition, but how are people actually trying to archive this goals?

This and many other questions will hopefully be answered in my next post.